Potential use of bio functionalized nanoparticles to attenuate triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 cells).

This study showed that bio-functional silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized in aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre leaves and tested for toxicity assessment against triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC). Biofunctional nanoparticle (NPs) samples were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The results showed that the phytofabrication of AgNPs resulted in a dark brown, UV-vis maximum absorbance peak at 413 nm. The AgNPs were crystalline and spherical, with sizes ranging from 20 to 60 nm, as confirmed by the XRD pattern and TEM images. Another phytofabrication of ZnONPs exhibited a white precipitate corresponding to a UV-Vis maximum absorption peak at 377 nm and a fine micro flower morphology with a particle-sized tribution between 100 and 200 nm. In addition, FT-IR spectra showed that bioorganic compounds are associated with NPs that respond to reduced Ag+ ions and AgNPs tabilizers. Invitro cytotoxicity studies revealed the potent anti-cancer effects of phytofabricated AgNPs and ZnONPs on TNBC cells. Furthermore, the AO/EB double staining assay results proved that apoptotic cells are distinguished by greenish-yellow fluorescence of the cell nuclei with IC50 concentrations of 44 ± 0.8 µg/mL for AgNPs and 26.2 ± 0.5 µg/mL for ZnONPs, respectively. Based on our results, we expect that the anticancer function of the biofunctional NPs is due to the apoptotic activation of TNBC cells by increased ROS. Therefore, the presented study demonstrated that biofunctional AgNPs and ZnONPs have excellent prospects for the anti-cancer activity that can be used in pharmaceutical and medical fields.

A Novel Strain of Probiotic Leuconostoc citreum Inhibits Infection-Causing Bacterial Pathogens.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria are at risk of spreading and prolonging due to antimicrobial resistance. It is, therefore, urgently necessary to develop a more effective antibiotic alternative strategy to control pathogen spread. In general, probiotics have been recommended as a substitute for antibiotics that inhibit pathogens. This study was isolated and probiotic characteristics and antibacterial bacterial efficiency against various infection-causing pathogens were determined by different in vitro methods. A 16S rRNA sequence confirmed that the isolated strains belonged to a species of Leuconostoc citreum. L. citreum KCC-57 and KCC-58 produced various extracellular enzymes and fermented different carbohydrates. There was significant tolerance for both strains under the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In addition, L. citreum KCC-57 and L. citreum KCC-58 showed significant auto-aggregations and hydrophobicity properties that varied with incubation time. Moreover, the cell-free secondary supernatant (CFS) of L. citreum KCC-57 and L. citreum KCC-58 inhibited growth of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. According to a co-culture study, L. citreum KCC-57 and L. citreum KCC-58 were highly competitive for pathogen growth. L. citreum KCC-57 and L. citreum KCC-58 showed significant probiotic potential and strong antibacterial activities against different pathogens, suggesting that these strains could be used instead of antibiotics to control infectious pathogens.

Effects of Different Lactic Acid Bacteria in Single or Mixed Form on the Fermentative Parameters and Nutrient Contents of Early Heading Triticale Silage for Livestock.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are excellent anaerobic fermenters that produce highly valuable grass-based animal feed containing essential nutrients. In the present study, an ensiling process was used to improve anaerobic fermentation in triticale silage under different moisture conditions with LAB. The triticale was treated with either a single bacterium or combined LAB and then vacuum-sealed. After 180 and 360 days of storage, the silage's fermentation characteristics, microbial changes and nutrient contents were analyzed. The pH of the silage was significantly lower than the control silage. There was a significant difference in the pH values between the silages treated with single or mixed LAB. The LAB treatment led to a substantial increase in lactic acid (LA), a decrease in butyric acid (BA), and marginal levels of acetic acid (AA). The LA content after the mixed LAB treatment was significantly higher than that after the single culture LAB treatment. After single or combined inoculant treatments, the LAB population in the silage increased, while the yeast and mold levels decreased. These findings suggest that the addition of LAB to silage during ensiling could enhance the nutritional quality and reduce unwanted microbial growth. The mixed LAB treatments produced silage with a significantly higher nutritional value than the single LAB treatments.

Utilization of natural polysaccharide from Tamarindus indica L. seeds for the effective reduction of pollutants in cheese processed wastewater.

The present study was targeted to treat the cheese factory processed wastewater by using natural coagulants. The results were compared with the CPCB wastewater discharge limit and most of the parameters were exceeded the standard limit. In the present investigation, the processed wastewater was subjected to treatment with Tamarindus indica L. plant seed as a coagulating agent. The processed wastewater was treated with Tamarindus indica L. seed powder which is rich in polysaccharides. The proximate analysis confirmed the presence of higher content of carbohydrates, protein, and fiber. Different dosages were used for the treatment. Accurately 0.4 gm was recorded as optimum dosage for the effective removal of pollutants includes 71% of TDS and 75% of COD from the cheese processed wastewater. The GC-MS analysis of raw and treated cheese processed wastewater was carried out and the results showed the degradation of toxic compounds and reduction of pollutants from the processed wastewater. FTIR analysis of T.indica L. seed powder disclosed various chemical group presence and proved higher efficiency in seed treatment.

Unprecedented 2D GNR-CoB nanocomposite for detection and degradation of malachite green - A computational prediction of degradation pathway and toxicity.

In the present work, we have synthesized a novel 2D GNR-CoB composite and was applied it for electrochemical sensing and photocatalytic degradation of the malachite green (MG). The physicochemical properties of the 2D GNR-CoB were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction which depicts the morphological and crystalline nature of the prepared composite. The pencil graphite electrode modified with 2D GNR-CoB composite showed excellent electrochemical response for MG detection with a LOD of 1.92 nM, linear range of 25-350 nM with a high sensitivity of 1.714 µA µM-1 cm-2. Besides, the 2D GNR-CoB modified PGE exhibited good recovery for the detection of MG in real samples such as green peas and lady's fingers. Furthermore, the 2D GNR-CoB modified electrode showed excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of MG. It suggests that under visible light, GNR-CoB material generates superoxide (·O2-) and hydroxyl (·OH) radicals for MG degradation. The prepared composite showed an efficiency of 91.28% towards the degradation of MG. Based on the experimental analysis and density functional theory calculations, a photocatalytic degradation mechanism pathway for MG is proposed. A quantitative structure-activity relationship study was used to examine the toxicity of the degradation intermediates.

Isolation of Lactococcus lactis from Whole Crop Rice and Determining Its Probiotic and Antimicrobial Properties towards Gastrointestinal Associated Bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging condition that increases the risk of spreading and prolonging infectious diseases globally. Therefore, a new alternative strategy for antibiotics is required urgently to control pathogens spreading. Probiotics are considered as an alternative for antibiotics that inhibit pathogens. In the present study, potent lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated and screened for their probiotic characteristics and antagonistic activity against intestinal pathogens by agar well diffusion, Time and Dose-dependent killing assay, minimum inhibitor, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC), and co-culture methods. The Lactococcus lactis RWP-3 and RWP-7 fermented the different carbohydrate substrates and produced different extracellular enzymes. Both isolates showed significant tolerant capability in the gastric, duodenal, and intestinal juices. In addition, RWP-3 and RWP-7 had hydrophobicity and aggregation properties in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the cell-free secondary metabolites (CFS) of RWP-3 and RWP-7 showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. A co-culture study revealed that the RWP-3 and RWP-7 strongly compete with pathogen growths. RWP-3 and RWP-7 showed strong antagonistic activities against tested pathogens with significant probiotic characteristics, suggesting that these strains obtained could be used as an alternative strategy for the antibiotic to control infectious pathogens.